Overview The Byzantine Empire was the eastern continuation of the Roman Empire after the Western Roman Empire's fall in the fifth century CE. Its capital was Constantinople, named after the Emperor Constantine. Mehmed stripped Baltoghlu of his wealth and property and gave it to the janissaries and ordered him to be whipped 100 times.[26]. He also began to view himself as Kayser-i Rm (Caesar of Rome), the inheritor of the Roman Empire and all its historical lands. It was one of the largest and most powerful empires in the ancient world. The garrison used a few small-calibre artillery pieces, which in the end proved ineffective. Byzantium is a term used by modern historians to refer to the later Roman Empire. Mehmeds strategy was straightforward: he would use his fleet and siege lines to blockade Constantinople on all sides while relentlessly battering the walls of the city with cannon. When most of Constantinople was secure, Mehmed himself rode through the streets of the city to the great cathedral of Hagia Sophia, the largest in all of Christendom, and converted it into the mosque Ayasofya. This chain, which floated on logs, was strong enough to prevent any Turkish ship from entering the harbour. [24] The city was further depopulated by the general economic and territorial decline of the empire, and by 1453, it consisted of a series of walled villages separated by vast fields encircled by the fifth-century Theodosian Walls. The fall of Constantinople was a major turning point in history, as it marked the end of the Byzantine Empire and the beginning of the Ottoman Empire. Most of the cannons at the siege were built by Turkish engineers, including a large bombard by Saruca, while one cannon was built by Orban, who also contributed a large bombard.[51][52]. The fleet was twice driven back, and Baltaolu retreated to Diplokionion until the night of the 17th, when he moved to capture the Princes Islands southeast of the city at the same time that Mehmeds land regiments assaulted the Mesoteichon section of the wall. [40]:44, Before the siege of Constantinople, it was known that the Ottomans had the ability to cast medium-sized cannons, but the range of some pieces they were able to field far surpassed the defenders' expectations. It is first attested shortly after the conquest, and its invention was ascribed by some contemporary writers to Mehmed II himself. Fall of Constantinople, (May 29, 1453), conquest of Constantinople by Sultan Mehmed II of the Ottoman Empire. The Fall of Constantinople: A Symposium Held at the School of Oriental and African Studies 29 May 1953. [66] Many of the riches of the city were already looted in 1204, leaving only limited loot to the Ottomans.[67]. As Byzantine numbers were insufficient to occupy the walls in their entirety, it had been decided that only the outer walls would be guarded. [12] The vast majority of the citizens of Constantinople (30,000-50,000) were forced to become slaves. Genoese and Catalan troops were stationed at the Great Palace; Cardinal Isidore of Kiev guarded the tip of the peninsula near the boom. Roman advancements in engineering, architecture, (blank), and philosophy helped shape later . Michael Spilling, ed., Battles That Changed History: Key Battles That Decided the Fate of Nations ( London, Amber Books Ltd. 2010) p. 187. Mehmed II and his army were remarkably restrained in their handling of affairs after the fall of Constantinople. However, without outside support, Constantinoples defenders would be spread thin. Robert of Clari's account of the Fourth Crusade. However, he returned to power two years later after defeating the Christians and remained sultan until his death in 1451. Fall of Rome Continuation of the Roman Empire as the Eastern Roman Empire Eastern Roman Empire becomes the Byzantine Empire Key to the Byzantine Empire's success = Constantinople What. Their fleet moved from Gallipoli to nearby Diplokionion, and the sultan himself set out to meet his army. However, as the growing Ottoman power from this date on coincided with the Protestant Reformation and subsequent Counter-Reformation, the recapture of Constantinople became an ever-distant dream. Corrections? Volume 53. With the capture of Constantinople, Mehmed II had acquired the future capital of his kingdom, albeit one in decline due to years of war. Edit. The Bashi-bazouks were spread out behind the front lines. Five books have been chosen to review different speculations on . This includes a four-slide PowerPoint on Justinian I and a DBQ on Justinian's . The Student Constantinople DBQ .docx. Emperor Constantine XI is reported to have been killed while either fighting near the breach or fleeing to an escape boat. It was said that the partial lunar eclipse that occurred on 22 May 1453 represented a fulfilment of a prophecy of the city's demise. Edit. Many Greek soldiers ran back home to protect their families, the Venetians retreated to their ships and a few of the Genoese escaped to Galata. "Fall of the Empire", Byzantium and Putin's Russia", World History Encyclopedia 1453: The Fall of Constantinople, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fall_of_Constantinople&oldid=1148497328. Pope Nicholas V called for an immediate counter-attack in the form of a crusade,[citation needed] however no European powers wished to participate, and the Pope resorted to sending a small fleet of 10 ships to defend the city. Girolamo Minotto[el; es; fr; it] and his Venetians were stationed in the Blachernae Palace, together with Teodoro Caristo, the Langasco brothers, and Archbishop Leonardo of Chios. Mehmed then tasked the Hungarian gunsmith Urban with both arming Rumelihisar and building cannon powerful enough to bring down the walls of Constantinople. The Venetian captain ordered his men to break open the gate of the Golden Horn. https://www.britannica.com/event/Fall-of-Constantinople-1453, Ancient Origins - The Fall of Constantinople: Relentless Ottoman Fire Power Finally Pulverizes the Last Vestiges of the Roman Empire, Chemistry LibreTexts - The Fall of Constantinople, World History Encyclopedia - The Fall of Constantinople, 1453. Byzantine DBQ Questions 8/21 DRAFT. Philippides, Marios and Walter K. Hanak, The Siege and the Fall of Constantinople in 1453, Ashgate, Farnham and Burlington 2011. Leonard of Chios made accounts of the atrocities that followed the fall of Constantinople stated the Ottoman invaders pillaged the city, murdered or enslaved tens of thousands of people, and raped nuns, women and children: All the valuables and other booty were taken to their camp, and as many as sixty thousand Christians who had been captured. Fall of Constantinople By 350 A.D., Constantinople was one of the world's greatest capitals. You will protest that the Turks moved from Asia to Greece a long time ago, that the Mongols established themselves in Europe and the Arabs occupied parts of Spain, having approached through the straits of Gibraltar. The Walls of Constantinople, especially the Theodosian Walls, were some of the most advanced defensive systems in the world at the time. Islambol (, Full of Islam) or Islambul (find Islam) or Islam(b)ol (old Turkic: be Islam), both in Turkish, were folk-etymological adaptations of Istanbul created after the Ottoman conquest of 1453 to express the city's new role as the capital of the Islamic Ottoman Empire. The main legitimate Crusades were launched from Western Europe to recover and protect Jerusalem . Sources hostile towards the Genoese (such as the Venetian Nicol Barbaro), however, report that Longo was only lightly wounded or not wounded at all, but, overwhelmed by fear, simulated the wound to abandon the battlefield, determining the fall of the city. SS.912.W.2.3 Analyze the extent to which the Byzantine Empire was a continuation of the old . This section was considered the weakest spot in the walls and an attack was feared here most. Constantine XI's survival and subsequent rescue by an angel, bringing with them knowledge and documents from the Greco-Roman tradition to Italy, "One among many renegades: the Serb janissary Konstantin Mihailovi and the Ottoman conquest of the Balkans", "Militarization of the Serbian State under Ottoman Pressure", "Fall of Constantinople | Facts, Summary, & Significance | Britannica", "stanbul'un fethinde 600 Trk askeri, Fatih'e kar savat", "Constantinople: City of the World's Desire 14531924", "The Conquest of Constantinople and the end of empire", "Bosphorus (i.e. Updates? [71] According to historian Philip Mansel, widespread persecution of the city's civilian inhabitants took place, resulting in thousands of murders and rapes. The fall of Constantinople was a major turning point in history, as it marked the end of the Byzantine Empire and the beginning of the Ottoman Empire. Hungary was the primary European threat to the Ottomans on land, and Venice and Genoa controlled much of the Aegean and Black seas. Having encircled Constantinople in full, Mehmed continued his artillery barrage of the land walls through May 29. We have never lost a city or a place comparable to Constantinople, The Morean (Peloponnesian) fortress of Mystras, where Constantine's brothers Thomas and Demetrius ruled, constantly in conflict with each other and knowing that Mehmed would eventually invade them as well, held out until 1460. The fortress of Therapia on the Bosphorus and a smaller castle at the village of Studius near the Sea of Marmara were taken within a few days. Students will read about the sack of Constantinople and its effects on the Byzantine Empire at the hands of the Ottoman Empire and analyze it by answering 9 questions to get a first hand look at what happened in the city when it was razed . On 21 May, Mehmed sent an ambassador to Constantinople and offered to lift the siege if they gave him the city. The rise and fall of Constantinople coincides with the rise and fall of the Theodosian Walls. Mehmed ordered a third attack on the gate, this time with one of his own palace regiments of 3,000 Janissaries. Byzantine DBQ Questions 8/21 DRAFT. 61% average accuracy. [54] This train included Orban's enormous cannon, which was said to have been dragged from Edirne by a crew of 60 oxen and over 400 men. He then ordered a muezzin ascend the pulpit and sound a prayer[89][90] The Hagia Sophia was converted into a mosque, but the Greek Orthodox Church was allowed to remain intact and Gennadius Scholarius was appointed Patriarch of Constantinople. According to Niccol Barbaro, "all through the day the Turks made a great slaughter of Christians through the city". The defenders attempted to attack the remainder of the Ottoman fleet in the Bosporus, but they were defeated. The crosses which had been placed on the roofs or the walls of churches were torn down and trampled. Between 1346 and 1349 the Black Death killed almost half of the inhabitants of Constantinople. Stefan Duan, Tsar of Serbia, and Ivan Alexander, Tsar of Bulgaria, both made similar claims, regarding themselves as legitimate heirs to the Roman Empire. Other troops under Zagan Pasha were employed north of the Golden Horn. [31]:93, Two tactical reserves were kept behind in the city: one in the Petra district just behind the land walls and one near the Church of the Holy Apostles, under the command of Loukas Notaras and Nicephorus Palaeologus, respectively. On orders of Mehmed, they were impaled on stakes, in sight of the city's defenders on the sea walls across the Golden Horn. Rumours of Constantine XI's survival and subsequent rescue by an angel led many to hope that the city would one day return to Christian hands. Ascending to the Ottoman throne in 1451, Mehmed II began making preparations to reduce the Byzantine capital of Constantinople. [40]:45, On 5 April, the Sultan himself arrived with his last troops, and the defenders took up their positions. The fall of Constantinople, and thus the end of the Byzantine Empire, was a crushing blow for Christendom. Believing that the Byzantine defence was already weakened sufficiently, Mehmed planned to overpower the walls by sheer force and started preparations for a final all-out offensive. The Byzantine Empire through Primary Sources DOCUMENT 4 Laws of Justinian (529-534CE) Besides the Hagia Sophia the other major accomplishment of the Roman's (of Byzantine Empire) during the reign of Justinian was the Corpus Juris Civilis (Justinian's Code).Which took centuries of built up Roman law and codified/standardized it for the empire. If you know of any primary sources in English please post them for me!! According to David Nicolle, the ordinary people were treated better by their Ottoman conquerors than their ancestors had been by Crusaders back in 1204, stating that only about 4,000 Greeks died in the siege, while according to a Venetian Senate report, 50 Venetian noblemen and over 500 other Venetian civilians died during the siege. Check Pages 1-4 of DBQ: The European Age of Exploration - HargroveKMS - home in the flip PDF version. How did the Ottoman Empire, as led by Suleiman the Magnificent, gain, consolidate, and maintain power? When combined with a large metal chain that had been drawn across the Golden Horn, Constantine was confident that the citys defenses could repel a naval assault and withstand Mehmeds land forces until relief came from Christian Europe. Russian claims to Byzantine heritage clashed with those of the Ottoman Empire's own claim. Ottoman Empire annexes the remaining Byzantine territories with some exceptions; Constantinople becomes its new capital. Our ancestors eagerly desired to achieve this; rejoice now since it is your bravery which has won this kingdom for us. When Mehmed II succeeded his father in 1451, he was just nineteen years old. While standing before the head, the sultan in his speech said:[101]. Many European courts assumed that the young Ottoman ruler would not seriously challenge Christian hegemony in the Balkans and the Aegean. . In the following eleven centuries, the city had been besieged many times but was captured only once before: the Sack of Constantinople during the Fourth Crusade in 1204. 1458-1464), called for a crusade, convening a council in 1459 to drum up support. Byzantine Emperor Constantine XI swiftly understood Mehmed's true intentions and turned to Western Europe for help; but now the price of centuries of war and enmity between the eastern and western churches had to be paid. The first pope elected after the fall of Constantinople, Pope Pius II (r . The First Payment 2. The union was agreed by the Byzantine Emperor Michael VIII Palaiologos in 1274, at the Second Council of Lyon, and indeed, some Palaiologoi emperors had since been received into the Latin Church. Historical!Context:! Finally, the sea walls at the southern shore of the Golden Horn were defended by Venetian and Genoese sailors under Gabriele Trevisano. The Fall of the Roman Empire The Roman Empire began in 27 BC. Latent ethnic hatred between Greeks and Italians, stemming from the events of the Massacre of the Latins in 1182 by the Greeks and the Sack of Constantinople in 1204 by the Latins, played a significant role. His army encamped outside the city on 2 April 1453, the Monday after Easter. They were built at foundries that employed Turkish cannon founders and technicians, most notably Saruca, in addition to at least one foreign cannon founder, Orban (also called Urban). by DRM_peter Posted on January 20, 2014. By April 22 the ships had circumvented the chain in this way and, barring the chain itself, seized control of all the waters surrounding the city. . By 1450, the empire was exhausted and had shrunk to a few square kilometers outside the city of Constantinople itself, the Princes' Islands in the Sea of Marmara and the Peloponnese with its cultural center at Mystras. Serbia, Romania, and Montenegro receive independence from the Ottoman Empire (previously had autonomous status). It is said that Constantine, throwing aside his purple imperial regalia, led the final charge against the incoming Ottomans, perishing in the ensuing battle in the streets alongside his soldiers. According to the Encyclopdia Britannica: "Many modern scholars also agree that the exodus of Greeks to Italy as a result of this event marked the end of the Middle Ages and the beginning of the Renaissance". A more realistic modern estimate predicts a fleet strength of 110 ships comprising 70 large galleys, 5 ordinary galleys, 10 smaller galleys, 25 large rowing boats, and 75 horse-transports. The Fall of Constantinople Primary Source Analysis. The most straightforward theory for Western Rome's collapse pins the fall on a string of military losses sustained against outside forces. DBQ 3: Byzantine Empire under Justinian Big Idea | When Justinian became emperor in 527, he was determined to revive the ancient Roman Empire, to build a new Rome. Mehmed repopulated the city with people from a multitude of backgrounds and faiths and relocated his capital from Edirne to Constantinople, ensuring a multicultural seat of power for a multicultural empire. Cardinal Isidore, funded by the Pope, arrived in 1452 with 200 archers. [31]:108[56] With the failure of their attack on the Ottoman vessels, the defenders were forced to disperse part of their forces to defend the sea walls along the Golden Horn. [20]:378 For 36 hours after the war council decided to attack, the Ottomans extensively mobilized their manpower for the general offensive. Mehmed cut him down with his Kilij: Be satisfied with the booty and the captives; the buildings of the city belong to me.[79], During the festivities, and as he had promised his viziers and his other officers, Mehmed had the wretched citizens of Constantinople dragged before them and ordered many of them to be hacked to pieces, for the sake of entertainment.[80][81], Byzantine historian Doukas claims that, while drunk during his victory banquet, the Sultan ordered the Grand Duke Loukas Notaras to give his youngest son to him for his pleasure. [15] Around the same time, the captains of the Venetian ships that happened to be present in the Golden Horn offered their services to the Emperor, barring contrary orders from Venice, and Pope Nicholas undertook to send three ships laden with provisions, which set sail near the end of March. Ended Russian-Ottoman war of 1877-8. "[31]:152, Looting was carried out on a massive scale by sailors and marines who entered the city via other walls before they had been suppressed by regular troops, who were beyond the main gate. [31]:81, Meanwhile, in Venice, deliberations were taking place concerning the kind of assistance the Republic would lend to Constantinople. On the night of 28 April, an attempt was made to destroy the Ottoman ships already in the Golden Horn using fire ships but the Ottomans forced the Christians to retreat with many casualties. Byzantine Empire. Even France, once a fervent participant in the Crusades, became an ally of the Ottomans. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. By early 1452, work began on the construction of a second fortress (Rumeli hisar) on the European side of the Bosphorus,[27] several miles north of Constantinople. [32]:388 The Greek houses nearest to the walls were the first to suffer from the Ottomans. Smith, Michael Llewellyn, "The Fall of Constantinople", in, This page was last edited on 6 April 2023, at 14:44. Until!about!1450,!Europe!was!mostly!cut!off!and!isolated!fromthe!SilkRoads.Withoutaccessto the!wealth,!trade!goods,!technologies,!and!ideas!that . Our men shot at them with guns and crossbows, aiming at the Turk who was carrying away his dead countryman, and both of them would fall to the ground dead, and then there came other Turks and took them away, none fearing death, but being willing to let ten of themselves be killed rather than suffer the shame of leaving a single Turkish corpse by the walls. Furthermore, these Western rulers did not have the wherewithal to contribute to the effort, especially in light of the weakened state of France and England from the Hundred Years' War, Spain's involvement in the Reconquista, the internecine fighting in the Holy Roman Empire, and Hungary and Poland's defeat at the Battle of Varna of 1444. Eyewitness Jacopo Tedaldi estimates a presence of 30,000 to 35,000 armed civilians and only 6,000 to 7,000 trained soldiers. Some suggest that the fall of Rome and the state of America now, are very similar in social, political, and economic aspects. 1. [25] In fact, Europe celebrated Mehmed coming to the throne and hoped his inexperience would lead the Ottomans astray. by. The Ottoman official Tursun Beg wrote: After having completely overcome the enemy, the soldiers began to plunder the city. Letter of the Knights of St. John on the Fall of Constantinople (72.9KB PDF Document) 2 September 2008. The Turkmen mercenaries managed to breach this section of walls and entered the city but they were just as quickly pushed back by the defenders. In October 1452, Mehmed ordered Turakhan Beg to station a large garrison force in the Peloponnese to block Thomas and Demetrios (despotes in Southern Greece) from providing aid to their brother Constantine XI Palaiologos during the impending siege of Constantinople. The Byzantines knew him by the Latin spelling of his name, "John Justinian", named after the famous 6th century Byzantine emperor Justinian the Great. Pengepungan terakhir Konstantinopel, miniatur Prancis abad ke-15 kontemporer. [31]:145[85] Soldiers fought over the possession of some of the spoils of war. Many modern scholars also agree that the exodus of Greeks to Italy as a result of this event marked the end of the Middle Ages and the beginning of the Renaissance. Continuities: The Byzantine Empire initially maintained many Roman systems of governance and law and aspects of Roman culture. He is famously reported to have been moved to tears by this, saying, "What a city we have given over to plunder and destruction. Sources. In Mehmed's view, he was the successor to the Roman Emperor, declaring himself Kayser-i Rum, literally "Caesar of Rome", that is, of the Roman Empire, though he was remembered as "the Conqueror". They are also said to have been executed. [31]:94 Although the Byzantines also had cannons, the weapons were much smaller than those of the Ottomans, and the recoil tended to damage their own walls. Guillaume Dufay composed several songs lamenting the fall of the Eastern church, and the duke of Burgundy, Philip the Good, avowed to take up arms against the Turks. Strong enough to prevent any Turkish ship from entering the harbour this section was considered the spot! 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