Atlanta Campaign. Sherman gave explicit instructions to his troops regarding their conduct while on the march. Doctors performed in-depth examinations to weed out the weak and those suffering from disease, and because of this 1% of the men were left behind. Despite an overwhelming numerical advantage, the Confederate militiamen were thoroughly squashed, suffering more than 1,000 casualties to fewer than 100 for the Union. Gen. John P. Hatch from Hilton Head, hoping to assist Sherman's arrival near Savannah by securing the Charleston and Savannah Railroad. Within a week, some 40 percent of the city was in ashes. The only real combat of the March took place on November 22, near Griswoldville. The city was hardly burned to the ground, as Gone with the Wind implies. Shermans soldiers enthusiastically embraced his Special Field Order 120, which required every brigade to organize a foraging detachment under the direction of one of its more discreet officers with a goal of keeping a consistent three-day supply of gathered foodstuffs. In escaping Savannah, several Confederate generals left their wives and children to Shermans personal protection, and he took this responsibility seriously, despite laughing that Confederates were willing to leave their families in the care of someone they considered a brute. The arrival of the main columns was even more frightening to the Georgians in their path than the passage of the foragers. He organized relief for the flood of refugees that had inundated the city. [6], When Byers was freed by the Union Capture of Columbia, he approached General Sherman and handed him a scrap of paper. Through this March to the Sea, Sherman hoped to deny Georgias resources to the Confederacy. VII. Shermans 37-day campaign is remembered as one of the most successful examples of total war, and its psychological effects persisted in the postbellum South. Wheeler and some infantry struck in a rearguard action at Ball's Ferry on November 24 and November 25. Together with Shermans Atlanta Campaign, the March to the Sea may have tipped the scales of victory toward the Union. This caused Sherman, who was trying to move quickly and live off the land, to worry about their impact on his speed and the supply of food meant for his soldiers. And even in this Union army of liberation, the racism of the age was still prevalent throughout the ranks. It boasted a garrison of 230 Confederates and more than 20 pieces of artillery. The two wings of the army attempted to confuse and deceive the enemy about their destinations; the Confederates could not tell from the initial movements whether Sherman would march on Macon, Augusta, or Savannah. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. On December 4, Kilpatrick's cavalry routed Wheeler's at the Battle of Waynesboro. After Sherman's crushing campaign through the Carolinas, Johnston surrendered to Sherman at the Bennett House near Durham Station. Many scholars of military history contend that his psychological warfare was one of the first modern examples of total war. The March to the Sea, which culminated with the fall of Savannah in December 1864, cut a swath of torn-up railroads, pillaged farms and burned-out plantations through the Georgia countryside . Gen. Judson Kilpatrick led the forces single cavalry division. Sherman's March To The Sea summary: Sherman's March to the Sea is the name commonly given to the Savannah Campaign by Maj. Gen. William Tecumseh Sherman taking place from November 15, 1864 to December 21, 1864. which followed the successful Atlanta . Almost miraculously, damage and destruction immediately ceased. As the marching Federals progressed, they attracted a growing throng of ex-slaves, who greeted them as emancipators. 120, regarding the conduct of the campaign. The following is an excerpt from those orders: IV. V. To army corps commanders alone is intrusted the power to destroy mills, houses, cotton-gins, &c., and for them this general principle is laid down: In districts and neighborhoods where the army is unmolested no destruction of such property should be permitted; but should guerrillas or bushwhackers molest our march, or should the inhabitants burn bridges, obstruct roads, or otherwise manifest local hostility, then army commanders should order and enforce a devastation more or less relentless according to the measure of such hostility. Sherman had completely uprooted his army and marched it unassisted through enemy territory. VI. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. Clearly this soldier was practicing the psychological destructive warfare against Georgia that his commander wanted. Sherman estimated a total Confederate economic loss of $100 million (more than $1.5 billion in the 21st century) in his official campaign report. He had a lot more soldiers than General Hood who only had 51,000. Special Field Orders No. Union military campaign led by William T. Sherman from November 15-December 25, 1864 with Savannah being the ultimate objective; more importantly Sherman used a "scorched earth" policy to end the South's will to fight. We have over 8,000 cattle and 3,000,000 pounds of bread but no corn, but we can forage in the interior of the state. Find History on Facebook (Opens in a new window), Find History on Twitter (Opens in a new window), Find History on YouTube (Opens in a new window), Find History on Instagram (Opens in a new window), Find History on TikTok (Opens in a new window), Getty Images / Print Collector / Contributor, https://www.history.com/topics/american-civil-war/shermans-march. Civilian accounts describe the terror of encountering Shermans foraging parties and the unauthorized bands of bummers. Compared to the 51,000 killed, wounded and missing at Gettysburg in the three days of fighting there or the 24,000 in the two days at Shiloh, the month-long March to the Sea was nearly bloodless. He defeated Confederate General John Hood at the Battle of Atlanta on July 22, 1864. Nevertheless, Hardee knew that his position was untenable. Should you entertain the proposition, I am prepared to grant liberal terms to the inhabitants and garrison; but should I be forced to resort to assault, or the slower and surer process of starvation, I shall then feel justified in resorting to the harshest measures, and shall make little effort to restrain my armyburning to avenge the national wrong which they attach to Savannah and other large cities which have been so prominent in dragging our country into civil war. As for horses, mules, wagons, &c., belonging to the inhabitants, the cavalry and artillery may appropriate freely and without limit, discriminating, however, between the rich, who are usually hostile, and the poor or industrious, usually neutral or friendly. Just 25 miles (40 km) north of Savannah, Daviss men were crossing a bloated Ebenezer Creek when they were ordered to destroy their bridge. The 62,000-man army usually spent the night in tents, the campsites stretching in all directions. Gen. Judson Kilpatricks 5,000 Union horse soldiers cleared it out of the way. By ripping up and melting down tracks, Union soldiers slowly crippled the states industrial and military potential in full view of its civilians. On December 24th, Sherman then presented the Savannah to President Lincoln as a Christmas present. On December 21, Union forces captured Savannah; Sherman presented the city to Lincoln as a Christmas gift. With Wheeler close behind, many of them attempted to swim the distance. until 1864, the Confederacy had been winning the Civil War. The March to the Sea played psychological warfare in which . The first real resistance was felt by Howard's right wing at the Battle of Griswoldville on November 22. Union general William T. Sherman abandoned his supply line and marched across Georgia to the Atlantic Ocean to prove to the Confederate . Shermans March to the Sea, coupled with his Atlanta Campaign, may have tipped the scales of victory toward the Union in the Civil War. He and the Union Army's commander, Lt. Gen. Ulysses S. Grant, believed that the Civil War would come to an end only if the Confederacy's strategic capacity for warfare could be decisively broken. Desertions soared as news of Georgias devastation began to reach the Confederate Army of Northern Virginia, which was engaged in some of the wars most intense combat. Slaves' opinions varied concerning the actions of Sherman and his army. [40], There has been disagreement among historians on whether Sherman's March constituted total war. Hood moved his battered Army of Tennessee northwest from their southerly position to Palmetto, Georgia. "[17] There were about 13,000 men remaining at Lovejoy's Station, south of Atlanta. Certainly, Sherman practiced destructive war, but he did not do it out of personal cruelty. His force faced little resistance. The Union lost 130 men in this assault and the Confederacy 40. In the spring of 1864, Union Lieut. Knowing that Confederate cavalry was nearby, the fugitives, fearful of being captured and killed or re-enslaved, panicked. Stay up-to-date on the American Battlefield Trust's battlefield preservation efforts, travel tips, upcoming events, history content and more. His forces followed a "scorched earth" policy, destroying military targets as well as industry, infrastructure, and civilian property, disrupting the Confederacy's economy and transportation networks. After seizing Atlanta, Union Maj. Gen. William Tecumseh Sherman embarked on a scorched-earth campaign intended to cripple the South's war-making capacity and wound the Confederate psyche. When you were about leaving Atlanta for the Atlantic coast, I was anxious, if not fearful; but feeling that you were the better judge, and remembering that 'nothing risked, nothing gained,' I did not interfere. All Rights Reserved. The general himself was a model of deportment. They raided farms and plantations, stealing and slaughtering cows, chickens, turkeys, sheep and hogs and taking as much other foodespecially bread and potatoesas they could carry. The march to the sea,the most destructive campaign against a civilian population during Civil War.It all begain in Atlanta on Novemeber 15,1864,and concluded in Savannah on December 21,1864.As a person who is searching and learning history day by day I am learning about Union general William T. Sherman and his march.Sherman divided his troops into two roughly equal wings,there was 60,000 . The March attracted a huge number of refugees, to whom Sherman assigned land with his Special Field Orders No. The March to the Sea and Beyond: Sherman's Troops in the Savannah and Carolinas Campaigns. After the war, Cox applies those same attributes to his books, Sherman's Battle for Atlanta and Sherman's March to the Sea, two volumes in the landmark series Campaigns of the Civil War. His armies sustained more than 1,300 casualties, with the Confederacy suffering roughly 2,300. Historian Barrett assesses that Sherman could have stopped Hardee, but failed to because he was hesitant to overcommit his forces. To the north of this action, Sherman advanced with the left wing into Milledgeville on November 23. Show your pride in battlefield preservation by shopping in our store. Sherman's March to the Sea refers to a long stretch of devastating Union army movements that took place during the United States Civil War. Background. 15, which confiscated as Union property a strip of coastline stretching from Charleston, South Carolina, to the St. John's River in Florida, including Georgia's Sea Islands and the mainland thirty miles in from the coast. Send Students on School Field Trips to Battlefields Your Gift Tripled! Although beef cattle trudged along with his army, and he had his men fill their haversacks with food before they left, he knew that they could live off the Georgia land. On it was Byers' poem. "[16], The Confederate opposition from Lt. Gen. William J. Hardee's Department of South Carolina, Georgia, and Florida was meager. No matter Sherman kept marching. [9] Sherman therefore planned an operation that has been compared to the modern principles of scorched earth warfare. Kilpatrick slipped by the defensive line that Wheeler had placed near Brier Creek, but on the night of November 26 Wheeler attacked and drove the 8th Indiana and 2nd Kentucky Cavalry away from their camps at Sylvan Grove. When Sherman began his March to the Sea on November 15, 1864, there were less than 200 prisoners in the stockade and less than 2,000 in the hospital. Foraging parties may also take mules or horses to replace the jaded animals of their trains, or to serve as pack-mules for the regiments or brigades. In 1870, five years after the wars end, the Souths overall agricultural output was 28 percent of the nations total output, some 10 percent below prewar levels. Shermans March to the Sea started in Atlanta and ended in the coastal town of Savannah, Georgia. For this reason, he divided his expeditionary force into two infantry groups. To my smoke house, my Dairy, Pantry, kitchen & cellar. It was difficult to hide anything from the foragers or the massive main column. Sign up to receive the latest information on the American Battlefield Trust's efforts to blaze The Liberty Trail in South Carolina. Sherman then turned his attention back to the pacification of Georgia. more formally known as the Savannah Campaign, was a military campaign of the American Civil War conducted through Georgia from November 15 to December 21, 1864 by Maj. Gen. William T Sherman of the Union Army. it was necessary to make the entire Confederate population, not just the military, feel the pain of war in order to defeat the rebellion. [26], The Army's stay in Savannah was generally without incident. From the outset, Shermans men destroyed tunnels and bridges, expending particular effort to make railroad tracks unusable. He sought to utilize destructive war to convince Confederate citizens in their deepest psyche both that they could not win the war and that their government could not protect them from Federal forces. Rhodes, James Ford. He is rightly called the American father of total warfare, a harbinger of the psychological tactics of the next century. In our collective memory, blue-clad soldiers march with impunity, their scavenged booty draped about them, leaving a trail of white women and children to sob at their losses and slaves to rejoice at their emancipation. Sherman's famed March to the Sea began in November 15, 1864, when Federal forces began leaving Atlanta. Grant himself said that he would not have allowed anyone other than Sherman to attempt such a march so great was the respect and trust between the two. On December 9, however, tragedy struck Brig. Although many of the houses were damaged and a minority put to the torch and totally destroyed others were left essentially untouched, an unpredictability that became a source of great fear. Byers was a Union prisoner of war held at Camp Sorghum, near Columbia, South Carolina. In addition to its effects on Georgia and the South, Shermans March to the Sea revolutionized the military tactics of his time. This freed all his troops for the upcoming movement, rather than relegating a significant number for logistical duty, but this meant that the men would need to live off the land. From Atlanta, Sherman would set out across the Southern heartland toward the Atlantic Ocean, eventually turning north to pin Robert E. Lees army between his troops and those of Grant. Confederacy's economy and transportation networks, Western Theater of the American Civil War, "Savannah Campaign Union order of battle", "Effective strength of the army in the field under Maj. Gen. William T. Sherman, November and December, 1864", "Abstract from return of the Department of South Carolina, Georgia and Florida, Lieut. William Tecumseh Sherman's early military career was a near disaster, having to be temporarily relieved of command. The long line of fugitive slaves, some 650 of them, was ordered to await a signal before crossing. 1. During this time he ordered the evacuation of some 3,000 civilians and seized their homes for his soldiers living quarters. The marauding Yankees needed the supplies, but they also wanted to teach Georgians a lesson: it isnt so sweet to secede, one soldier wrote in a letter home, as [they] thought it would be.. The ensuing campaign and siege occupied most of the summer, with Sherman finally forcing a surrender on September 2. Railroads doubled as a conduit for industrial growth and transportation for the military. HISTORY.com works with a wide range of writers and editors to create accurate and informative content. Jacqueline Campbell has written, on the other hand, that some slaves looked upon the Union army's ransacking and invasive actions with disdain. In November 1864, he departed Atlanta with 60,000 troops, bound for the coastal port . In 2011 a historical marker was erected there by the Georgia Historical Society to commemorate the African Americans who had risked so much for freedom. Hood had taken the bulk of forces in Georgia on his campaign to Tennessee in hopes of diverting Sherman to pursue him. In 1864 William Tecumseh Sherman headed the Atlanta Campaign, an important series of battles in Georgia that eventually cut off a main Confederate supply centre. But if you see something that doesn't look right, click here to contact us! When they reached the assigned campsite in the evening, each man hooked his tent half to anothers, pitched it, and then prepared the only full meal of the day over a fire. Geary telegraphed Sherman, who advised him to accept the offer. To regular foraging parties must be intrusted the gathering of provisions and forage at any distance from the road traveled. Shermans March to the Sea, (November 15December 21, 1864) American Civil War campaign that concluded Union operations in the Confederate state of Georgia. [33] A Confederate officer estimated that 10,000 liberated slaves followed Sherman's army, and hundreds died of "hunger, disease, or exposure" along the way. At the culmination of the March to the Sea, William Tecumseh Shermans forces surrounded Savannah, Georgia, after capturing Fort McCallister, a crucial element in the citys southern defense. Slocum's wing, accompanied by Sherman, moved to the east, in the direction of Augusta. Articles with the HISTORY.com Editors byline have been written or edited by the HISTORY.com editors, including Amanda Onion, Missy Sullivan and Matt Mullen. Davis, who was no stranger to scandal he was arrested for murdering fellow Union general William Nelson in August 1862, but escaped court martial took a great deal of blame for this horror, but Sherman defended him. Barrett, John G. (1960) "Sherman and Total War in the Carolinas". Field Order No. Sherman's March to Sea. In the fall of 1864 during the American Civil War, Union forces pushed deeply into the Confederacy. Shermans March to the Sea was an American Civil War campaign lasting from November 15 to December 21, 1864, in which Union Major General William Tecumseh Sherman led troops through the Confederate state of Georgia, pillaging the countryside and destroying both military outposts and civilian properties. [4] Sherman's decision to operate deep within enemy territory without supply lines was unusual for its time, and the campaign is regarded by some historians as an early example of modern warfare or total war. During the campaign, the Confederate War Department brought in additional men from Florida and the Carolinas, but they never were able to increase their effective force beyond 13,000.[18]. The most potent Confederate force in the state was Joseph Wheelers 3,500-man cavalry, which managed to harass Shermans marchers but was too small to pose a deadly threat. "[15] After his surrender to Sherman, Confederate General Joseph E. Johnston said of Sherman's men that "there has been no such army since the days of Julius Caesar. Although some were saved on makeshift rafts or by soldiers who waded into the creek, a huge number drowned and others were captured by the arriving Confederate troopers. This would prevent the formerly enslaved people from crossing to safety. Subscribe to the American Battlefield Trust's quarterly email series of curated stories for the curious-minded sort! Railroad tracks were upended and destroyed. (These groups of foraging soldiers were nicknamed bummers, and they burned whatever they could not carry.) Sherman received numerous letters from the very Confederate officers he was fighting against, requesting that Sherman ensure the protection of their families. In short, the March to the Sea demonstrates not that Sherman was a brute, but that he wanted to wage a war that did not result in countless deaths. Gen. Jefferson C. Daviss XIV Corps. [41] In the years following World War II, several writers[42][43][44] argued that the total war tactics used during World War II were comparable to the tactics used during Sherman's March. Sherman allowed Hardees army to escape the city, although he could have crushed it. In the fall of 1864, the Union General William Tecumseh ("Cump") Sherman took 60,000 men and pillaged his way through Georgia's civilian farmsteads. In the Carolinas, Johnston surrendered to Sherman at the Bennett House Durham... Total war wide range of writers and editors to create accurate and informative content Sherman presented the to... Conduct while on the March to the modern principles of scorched earth warfare forcing a surrender on 2. Warfare, a harbinger of the way the road traveled Savannah by securing the and... During this time he ordered the evacuation of some 3,000 civilians and seized their homes for his living... 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