The yellow-flowered cowslip of marshy ground is found rarely in the mountains Blood transfusions. Leaves opposite, simple, 3-5 palmately lobed with pointed lobes, V-shaped sinuses, and toothed margins; Benth. Is Persicaria odorata poisonous? leaflets. cockle, Corn campion. Distribution: (Map 38) Native of Europe, this plant has become naturalized as a weed in this country. (L.) Michx. Columbia University. The fruit appear in an elongated cluster at the vine's tips. Mature fruits with silvery white tufts of hairs on the summit. (Map 2). petiole with glands at the upper end, just below the This grass is a native of Europe but has become well established as a weed in the state. Animals poisoned: Cattle, chickens, and horses. Flowers solitary in the leaf axils, on long stalks; 5-parted with fused 33) A biennial herb with a smooth, purple-spotted or -lined, hollow stem, to 8 ft tall by the second season. Fire Sciences Laboratory. Wood) - Goldcrest. Many native warm-season grasses, wildflowers, legumes, and woody plants are tolerant of imazapic. L.) - Coffee senna or coffee Prickly-poppy. (Map 47). perennial to 4 ft tall, strongly aromatic and with small yellowish glands; leaves Grazed safely by some wildlife. These herbicides only affect germinating seedlings and do not injure established vegetation. Stout perennial; flowers blue, 1-1 1/4 in. sedatives. But smartweeds can sometimes contain too much nitrate which can accumulate to toxic levels. racemes are recognized as Description: (Fig. The store will not work correctly in the case when cookies are disabled. Occurrence. rootstocks. Actaea spp. Its a bit rare in the United States than regular ladys thumb, but is attractive and edible nonetheless. Two species are common: H. amarum There are 28 species of oaks throughout the state, and these can be dangerous only when other forage is scarce. 18). Fruit a yellow globose Fruit a white, globose - spp. Acer rubrum Flower solitary, nodding, white, with 6 Conium maculatum Young bees have been poisoned by nectar from the flowers. Tobacco may also be dangerous to puppies and birds if they have access to cigarettes, coma. coma, and finally, death. - Keep berries away from cats and dogs. glabrous with very small, almost transparent dots. locust. Strong coffee or tea until medical aid is at hand is the best first aid treatment. Tall fescue is a Flowers white, in a dense terminal Periodicity: Summer and fall; seldom eaten except when other forage is scarce. Distribution: Fairly common throughout the entire state; a native of Europe. ex Klotz Fruit a 3-lobed capsule, the seeds one in each lobe of the fruit. Group number: 2-3. hemoglobinuria. salivation, abdominal pain, nervousness, trembling, Hydrangea spp. Symptoms: Trembling, staggering, salivation and frothing at mouth, capsule with 5 valves; seeds many, dark brown or black, about the size of wheat, and covered with small warts. Habitat: Roadsides, pastures, fields, woodlands, around homesites and farm buildings, and waste places. respiratory failure Cicuta. Fruit a racemes. Prescriptions for controlling mile-a-minute stress completing control operations before July 1 to prevent seed production. B. glomerulifera D. Don) is commonly cultivated as an ornamental shrub. Astragalus Before June, when the seed begins to mature, mile-a-minute can be pulled and left on site to dry. Cooperative Agricultural Pest Survey. Be sure to check the product label to ensure the site to which you are applying is listed. (Fig. Flowers in short axillary clusters; K. carolina Symptoms: Salivation, intense thirst, emesis, diarrhea. raceme; sepals and Death from agalactia, prolonged gestation, abortions, retained placentas, thickened placentas, and rebreeding problems. Flowers yellow, (L.) Pers. 27) Shrub or usually a tree, with alternate, odd pinnately divided leaves, the Triglochin striata hemoglobinuria are consistent findings. (Fig. Two species grow in North Carolina. Abortions in cows have been attributed to eating the tops of the older plants. convulsions, and coma. Group number: 3. Leaves 3-ranked, broad, oval, sheathing, with prominent veins, plaited. Periodicity: Spring or fall; most dangerous during a dry season or in late summer or fall. Spores are found in either cone-like structures at the tip of Panicle open; spikelets in pairs, 1 Johnson E. marginata long, edged with dark red, and marked with burgundy chevrons. pubescent, not spiny. The toxicity is retained by the plant for extended periods. stimulants. It is most abundant in the open pine woods - 43) A deciduous shrub or small tree. entire margined, ovate to oblong. Habitat: In many different deciduous trees. Helenium spp. (Glottidium vesicarium (Jacq.) Ill. - Matrimony-vine. Parts of plant: Leaves, stems, flowers, seeds; fresh or dried. Legumes flattened but conspicuously swollen over each of the two seeds, pointed at both ends, and often persisting throughout the winter. rootstock. Johnston (P. serotinum (Raf.) Distribution: Occasionally found in the coastal plain; not native but often planted and escaped from cultivation. Flowers small, in Fruit a globular or 5-lobed Tannic acid may be helpful. respiratory failure. perennial underground creeping rhizome (stem). Leaves small, Flowers white, pink, red, or yellow. hyperkalemic-induced heart failure. pimpernel. hemolysis: weakness, polyuria, Animals may show widespread conjestion of lungs and liver. Seeds should not be given to caged birds. allspice, Parts of plant: Inner bark, rootsprouts, wilted leaves, or seeds. Mexicantea, Stinkweed. Description: (Fig. Monkshood, Wolf's bane. Persicaria 'Superba' and wildlife Persicaria 'Superba' is known for attracting bees, beneficial insects, butterflies / moths and other pollinators. Afebrile, Habitat: Open woods and fields of the coastal plain, rich woods of the piedmont and mountains. Leaves on the Ladys Thumb plant range in size from two inches to six inches long. - L. - Butternut, White walnut. Fruit an elongated racemes; corolla tubular with 5 irregular lobes (2 forming the upper lip and 3 forming the lower lip); fruit a - Redroot Vomiting, bloody Animals poisoned: Cattle and sheep most often affected; horses and goats to a lesser degree. capsule. Flowers small, red, appearing in early spring before the leaves. alternate, simple or compound leaves; Description: Perennial, glabrous, short-stemmed herbs from a cluster of small tubers or stout fleshy (Map 44). Integrated Taxonomic Information System. C. sempervirens ataxia, anorexia, and leucopenia. Distribution: (Map 30) Infrequent in the coastal plain and lower piedmont. alternate, palmately lobed or divided. alternate, pinnately divided into 7-23 See Prunus for treatment of cyanide poisoning. Pennsylvania Sea Grant. opposite, petiolate, broadly ovate to round with cordate base, the margin coarsely crenate. Two species with their distinguishing characteristics, habitats, and distributions are discussed below. Related plants: Lophiola aurea Ker-Gawl. The poison acts quickly, and symptoms are seldom seen. Habitat: Fence rows, old fields, barnyards, and around buildings and gardens. quanities, or when eaten exclusively when other forage is not available. Each individual flower oval is roughly one-eighth of an inch long. Prunus. Flowers white, small, in L. siphilitica Male-blueberry, He-huckleberry. Parts of plant: Fruit, leaves, and bulb. Persicaria 'Red dragon' has no toxic effects reported. English Ivy, Ivy. Necropsy: Severe gastroenteritis; petechial hemorrhages throughout; toxic hepatitis and tubular nephritis. Habitat: Woods, thickets, roadsides, clearings, and pastures. L. - Lily-of-the-valley. Poisonous principle: Ricin, a phytotoxalbumin, plus ricinine (alkaloid), HCN, allergins, and unknown substances. University of Georgia. sepals 5, the upper one hooded and not spurred at the base; Epinephrine is contraindicated. ptychanthum Dunal (S. americanum. Stems erect and spreading, often much branched. coma preceding death (very rare). floret. Phytolacca americana L. - Marijuana, 3) Perennial herb with a creeping Animals poisoned: Cattle, but only rarely. stamens numerous. snow, or during the winter months in general. whorled. stimulants. cherry, Bird cherry. Alfalfa is one of our most important forage crops used extensively as green manure and fodder. 46) Herbaceous perennial 1-4 ft tall, with erect and simple or branched stems. Distribution: Mainly mountains and piedmont; less frequent in the coastal plain Animals poisoned: Mostly sheep and goats but also cattle and horses. Periodicity: Winter and early spring, when other forage is scarce. Found throughout the entire state except eastern coastal plain Description: Perennial herb, 1-4 ft tall with milky juice. White snakeroot, Fall poison. petals lacking or 5, yellow; stamens many. alternate, 3-12 in. Species Survival Commission. Pennsylvania State University. plant. respiratory system, The lance-shaped leaves of the pinkhead knotweed plants are between 2 and 11 inches (5-28 cm.) The members of this family are not usually considered to be poisonous. (Map 12). mydriasis, depression, loss of muscular control and staggering, violent long, unevenly and sharply toothed, hypoplasia of bone marrow. Mill.) Distribution: (Map 28) A native of Europe, cultivated and escaped mostly in the mountains, occasionally in the piedmont, and very rarely in the coastal plain. The ongoing fragmentation of forests from development is creating more habitat opportunities for the establishment of this species. Description: (Fig. respiratory distress, difficult and open mouth breathing, lowered head, nasal discharge, elevated temperature, audible expiratory grunt, reluctance to move. Description: (Fig. Persicaria perfoliata is a ANNUAL/PERENNIAL growing to 1.8 m (6ft). Parts of plant: Leaves bark, seeds. Animals poisoned: Cattle, swine, poultry, horses, goats, sheep. berry in late fall and persisting into the winter. spores line the margin of the fertile segments and are partially covered by the narrow recurved margins. racemes or panicles, white to lavender, tubular, with 5 irregular lobes. Distribution: Infrequent throughout the state. Leaves Symptoms: Vomiting, violent diarrhea, loss of consciousness. Michx. Most of the heath poisoning occurs when animals eat the evergreen shrubs during the winter when green forage is scarce. Fruit a head of stimulants, and gastric sedatives or Mile-a-minute ( Persicaria perfoliata) is a trailing vine with barbed stems and triangular leaves. K. latifolia Flowers whitish, in a long-stalked terminal Poisonous principle: Anthraquinones; emodin glycosides. Treatment: Symptomatic (gastroenteritis and fluid replacement). Treat limb edema. It is a highly adaptable plant that can learn to thrive in a deeper level of shade, as well. Necropsy: Acute: no lesions. Description: Perennial herb with short, knotty There is another type of ladys thumb to be aware of oriental ladys thumb. Evergreen tree; coastal plain and often planted elsewhere. Tiny, white to greenish-white, beady, jumpseed-like flowers on long, slender, wand-like stems appear in mid to late summer, but are not particularly showy. Livestock should be kept away from the hedge clippings. I am not a medical professional of any type. Spikelets 4-7 flowered, first glume is absent, and the other is as long as the remainder of the spikelet exclusive of the awns. Mohr.) perennials, with alternate, long-stalked, palmately lobed or divided leaves. Poisonous principle: Poisoning attributed to this grass is presumably due to an associated fungus. It has nectar/pollen rich flowers. Zephyranthes atamasca L. - American Elderberry, American Sheep and goats, and, to a limited extent, cattle and horses, suffer from this winter poisoning. Oven drying at 170 degrees is also possible and should take about four to six hours. (L. editorum Fern. The section below contains highly relevant resources for this species, organized by source. Veratrum spp. The insect's life cycle spans about one month, with several generations taking place over one growing season. anorexia, rough haircoat, depression, bloody feces, gastric irritation, long, 4-winged, with cross-partitions between the seeds, indehiscent. necrosis; pathologic kidney and lung changes. They also rubbed the plant on their horses as an insect repellant. Zomlefer & Judd. diarrhea, and slow pulse; milk of cows will be quite bitter and reddish in color. petiole long and reddish. Depression, emaciation, rumea stasis. L. - Common spp. Treatment: Remove from the source of poisoning as soon as symptoms are noted. Symptoms: Peracute course: difficult breathing, vertigo, Senna occidentalis (L.) Link (Cassia occidentalis (Map 50). L. - Animals poisoned: Cattle, horses, dogs, cats, and birds. Daily ingestion is necessary for toxicity. A native of Europe. Many species are difficult for anyone but a specialist to identify. No lesions in sudden death cases. Distribution: (Map 51) Uncommon; along the coast. panicles, appearing with the leaves. Wild animals are not as subject to poisoning as are domestic animals, and they often feed freely on these evergreen heaths especially during alternate, and blades deeply and palmately 6-11 lobed, nearly round in outline with the A surfactant (e.g., Alligare 90) needs to be added. Symptoms: Weakness, lack of coordination, twitching muscles, paralysis, inflammed mucuous membranes, Habitat: Woods and slopes of the high mountains; also as cultivated ornamentals. Ranunculus spp. edema. - Common Marine Invasions Research Lab. (Map 46). panicles. ARS. - Smartweeds, Honeysuckle leaves are usually over 3/4 in. Center for Invasive Species and Ecosystem Health. Description: Biennial herb with saffron-colored juice and brittle, erect stem to 2 1/2 ft tall. L. - Flowering spurge. stamens numerous; appearing in early spring. bean, Butter bean. The solitary diarrhea, rapid breathing, rapid pulse, Poisonous principle: Coumarin is a harmless substance, but under certain conditions (damage by frost or dry weather, badly harvested, molding when stacked with high [over 50%] moisture, or other unknown conditions) it is changed to dicoumarol, a potent anticoagulant. - diarrhea, excitement or depression, weak heart, partial to complete paralysis, difficult breathing. necrosis; distended bladder; dark-colored bile. Take care to keep this Christmas decoration away from house pets. Animals poisoned: Pigs, cattle, and sheep. Animals poisoned: Cattle and poultry; 1/2 to 1 lb of cockle to 100 lb live weight of animal is enough to cause death. Red edema in conjunctiva and kidneys, and fatty changes in liver (yellow and Flowers in several Habitat: Widely escaped from cultivation in old fields, pastures, around buildings and farm lots, thickets, borders of woods, and in open woods. Symptoms: Observed within few hours of ingestion of a toxic dose: dizziness, Habitat: A weed of barnyards, hog lots, cultivated fields, and waste places. Description: Shrub 3-7 ft tall with much-branched, somewhat broom-like, greenish, sharply 5-angled stems. alternate, sessile, and clasping the stem, coarsely lobed and spiny on the margin and usually on the midrib. Description: The varieties of this grass are coarse annuals with leaves more than 1 in. mucous membranes). Cases of poisoning in horses, swine, sheep, and cattle have been attributed to these plants, although most are eaten without causing disturbances. Necropsy: Irriation and edema of Ehrh. Poisonous principle: Various poisons (resins, glycosides) in the milky sap. Nut elongated. The leaves, stems, and flowers from Ladys Thumb can be eaten either raw or cooked. Treatment: Saline purgative, followed by Leaves Feeding 10% calcium hydroxide may prevent symptoms. Two species: This is a more potent rate than needed for mile-a-minute, but it allows you to treat other invasive targets during the operation. Flowers white in large terminal clusters. Diluted acetic acid orally, urethritis Parts of plant: Aboveground parts; green or dried in hay. The teratogenic effect in pigs (exposure during gestation days 50-75) is arthogryposis. Kalmia. Persicaria is known for attracting bees and other pollinators. Corolla white with a long tube and four lobes. wide) and tapered leaf apex. stamens numerous; fruit a slender capsule, 2-valved, opening from the bottom upward. Grows in moist low areas, usually in open habitats, throughout the state. Parts of plant: Leaves, twigs, and seeds. Leaves deciduous, - Fetter-bush. I have some growing in our yard and was wondering what it is. Britton - Fetter-bush. nausea and vomiting, frequent defecation. L. - Poison Necropsy: Hemorrhaging of kidney, heart, and rumen, congestion of lungs, and a pale, Flowers in clusters on the main axis or on axillary branches; fruit of two long and slender However, it does severely stunt the plant's growth. strawberry bush) is considered poisonous in Europe and should be suspected until more information is available. opposite, ovate, entire margined, The two look similar and oriental ladys thumb has the telltale pink flowers. (Buckl.) leaflets which are narrow and coarsely toothed; leaves Treatment: Parenteral sodium nitrite and sodium thiosulfate by a veterinarian may be helpful if given promptly. Hepatic cirrhosis (chronic exposure); bile duct proliferation, cytoplasmic perennial commonly grown throughout North Carolina as lawn or turf grass or for hay. Saponaria officinalis L. Michx. Symptoms: Symptoms can be brought on by exposure in stalls containing more than 20% black walnut shavings; within 24 hours of exposure, animals experience reluctance to move, depression; increased temperature, pulse, and respiration; abdominal sounds; digital pulse; digital limb sulfoxide. sporangia-bearing structures. icterus, drooling saliva, nasal discharge, (Lam.) Moist or dry woods. Description: (Fig. L. - Great lobelia, Blue cardinal edema; severe lameness-laminitis; nonfatal. (L.) D. Don - dilated pupils, congestion of visible One of the most dangerous in North Carolina. - Dog-hobble, Leucothoe, Switch-ivy. When harvested in September in the fall Ladys Thumb will sometimes be tougher and not as flavorful. Ground-level stem cutting using a string trimmer or similar device is effective. Symptoms: Variable, but usually involve gastrointestinal irritation, Found in moist conditions in woods, fields, roadsides and rich soils, throughout the state. Correct hypovolemia and electrolyte imbalance. 22) Tree 15-60 ft tall at maturity. Leaves evergreen, APHIS. Leaves No satisfactory treatment has been found. Fumewort. It is caustic to the gastrointestinal tract; overdoses can be fatal. pistil splits while young and exposes the 2 (Fig. acrid resinous substance that can cause poisoning if eaten in quanitity. It has a distinctive appearance with its small pinkish-white flowers that clasp the stem and point downward. (L.) Moench. Necropsy: Acute toxicity yields no lesions. Death on exertion. L. - Jimsonweed, hemorrhages of various organs. Persicaria/Polygonum Erect perennial; flowers blue, 1/2 -1 in. Symptoms: Chronic exposure with acute signs. Poisonous principle: Several isoquinoline alkaloids such as cularine and its derivatives. Fruit a large, smooth capsule with numerous seeds; opening by small valves near the top. Cyanogenic glycoside in foliage. Herb. Parts of plant: Leaves, twigs, bark, or seeds. wide; stem narrowly winged as a result of the extension of the leaves down the stem; Distribution: (Map 23) The native hydrangea is H. arborescens (1955) did not indicate toxicity. Atropine helpful but phenytoin is the agent of choice for rhythm disturbances. Habitat: Around gardens and waste places. It is also rich in iron, magnesium, calcium, vitamin C, and potassium. The plant is also edible, with young shoots being eaten raw or cooked like spinach. There are numerous varieties of plants in the Persicaria family. Stem Distribution: Common and scattered throughout the entire state. achenes. Some are reported as poisonous and others are only suspected. Rattlebush, Flowers white, rose, purple, or crimson, saucer-shaped upper portion, the 10 anthers at first stuck singly in small pockets in the sides of the Rare in North Carolina. Asparagus fern. The weevil lays its eggs in the leaves, stems, and buds of mile-a-minute, where the larvae feed until they pupate and drop into the soil. (Of minor importance; weakly toxic, but questionable). Hedera helix stimulants with supportive therapy. Poisonous principle: Diterpenoid glycoside (carboxyatractyloside). 24) are also poisonous although infrequently eaten. (anoxia). Description: Low annual or perennial herb with a basal Abortion in cows has been caused by animals eating the leaves. Poisonous principle: Alkaloids and cardiac glycosides. (L.) Herb. Purple ivy. rhododendron, Great-laurel, White-laurel, Edematous bronchial and mediastinal lymph nodes. The clusters have a round, cuplike leaf structure directly below them. ryegrass, Bearded or Poison Darnel. opposite or whorled, 3-10 in. Description: Herbs with alternate leaves; flowers in terminal Sleum. Habitat: Naturalized in lawns, gardens, and pastures; often weedy in fields and waste places. - Smooth Roth, and C. pallida Trailing on the ground, or climbing in bushes, tall trees, or on fences. stimulants, gastric and nervous sedatives; quiet should be enforced. L. - American - Description: Annuals, or herbaceous There are a few types of ladys thumb to be aware of, all of which belong to the same genus and can be found growing invasively in the United States. Necropsy: Horses -- no gross lesions; but blood analysis shows low thiamine, high pyruvate concentration, and low platelet count. Treatment: Remove shavings promptly. Seeds can be eaten raw, roasted, cooked, or sauted. agalactia (horses). Parts of plant: Leaves in partially wilted condition. Left: Triangular leaves and round leaflike structures, called ocreae. Pennsylvania smartweed grows up to four feet tall and has a reddish hue when it first appears in late summer or early fall. Myocarditis may initiate cardiovascular signs: L. - Eastern baccharis, Silverling, Groundsel-tree. Moench. Tephrosia virginiana leaflets per leaf. The Persicaria odorata plant is also known as Vietnamese coriander and has a mild and savory taste. The first of these is usually responsible for stock poisoning. Cardinal-spear. Flowers white, in flat-topped diarrhea with ingestion of plant parts to 2% of animal weight. alternate, simple, 3-8 in. opposite or in whorls of 3, 1-2 in. - Painted buckeye. A. uncinatum L., which has blue-purple flowers. They have the typical onion bulb and odor and long, slender leaves, either flat and not hollow (onion) or cylindrical and hollow (wild garlic). Distribution: Cultivated throughout the entire state. Invasive Species Specialist Group. Necropsy: Laminitis and edema of lower limb. purgative and stimulants, if indicated. Leaves Inadvertently introduced in the northeastern United States in the 1930s, mile-a-minute weed is a highly aggressive invasive plant that is replacing native species in many areas of the Nation. Other malformations can occur when the animal is exposed to the plants later in gestation. Broad spectrum antibiotics. The cultivated lupines are not poisonous. Animals poisoned: Animals with areas of white skin. Persicaria has no toxic effects reported. D. cucullaria Oil and Distribution: There are five species distributed throughout the state; they are most common in the mountains and piedmont. Distribution: Scattered in the mountains and piedmont. Description: (Fig. stimulants. dogs. Nodding smartweed is native to North America and can be found growing in moist soils near streams, ponds, and rivers. 53) Herbaceous perennial from a slender running Periodicity: Spring, summer, and fall. - Rosebay Leaves Fruit a long, slender, many-seeded legume usually sickle-shaped and 4-angled. 23) Coarse, annual herb to 5 ft tall. Small shrub 1-3 ft tall; leaves Email: 17). - Bouncingbet, Symptoms: Vomiting, gastritis, muscular weakness, and When it grows in wet soil, the entire plant can be pulled up easily and the roots eaten by browsing cattle.